Journal of Advanced in Medicinal, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research (JAMPBR)

Abstract Doppler ultrasound is not used except for special cases of pregnancy such as twins in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. According to medical advice, it is better to go for a Doppler sonography from the 28th week of pregnancy onwards, but doing a regular ultrasound during pregnancy is one of the necessities that dear mothers must do to take care of themselves and the fetus. Usually, a difference of a few days between the ultrasound age of the fetus and the normal age of the fetus is normal. The development status of the fetus and the discovery of the cause of the delay in its growth are performed on the pregnant mother. In fact, one of the reasons for requesting color Doppler ultrasound of the fetus during pregnancy is the low growth of the fetus. Doppler test, or Doppler sonography, is one of the types of ultrasound methods that are mainly used to detect blood clots in the body's vessels. By using Doppler ultrasound, problems such as blood clots, venous insufficiency, arterial blockage and carotid artery stenosis, heart valve violations or congenital cardiovascular diseases can be diagnosed.

Abstract MSUS plays an important role in tendon injury assessment. MRI is able to detect the integrity of the tendon structure, while MSUS helps to image intranasal vein pathologies. Changes in echogenicity, thickness, shape, contour, or blood flow suggest possible tendinopathy. Fluid around the tendon or tendon sheath can also be easily detected on ultrasound. When scanning the musculoskeletal system, especially tendons, it is important to minimize anisotropy by keeping the ultrasound beam from the transducer perpendicular to the desired site for maximum signal reflection. Improper tilting or tipping of the transducer strip may cause more refraction than reflection and thus reduce the echogenicity of target structures. The lesion may be falsely graded as hypoechoic or even anechoic. Such technical problems may lead to misdiagnosis of tendinopathy or normal tendon rupture. By using color or power doppler techniques, the vessels inside or around the bone can be easily identified without additional contrast material. Increased vascularity in the injured tendon is consistent with the post-injury inflammatory process. The degree of muscularization of the muscles may be proportional to the intensity of the inflammatory pain in the hyperemic tendon.

Abstract One of the most obvious differences between the anatomy of the abdomen of women and men is the absence of ovaries and, of course, the uterus in the body system of men. An interesting thing that happens during women's pregnancy is the change in the shape and size of the belly. This change in the size of the abdomen and its stretching is done in order to accommodate the fetus in the uterine and abdominal space. In fact, the longer the pregnancy is, the bigger the mother's belly is until the fetus has enough room to grow. If you look at the photo of the inside of a woman's abdomen, you can notice the change in the size of the uterus and its growth from the very first days of pregnancy, but in terms of appearance, this bulge can be seen from the second trimester of pregnancy. Is it your dream to have a flat and muscular stomach? This demand is not far away. Of course, in order to achieve that, in addition to exercise, you also need a proper diet. When we talk about the anatomy of the abdomen in bodybuilding, we mean knowing the exact location of the abdominal muscles. Abdominal muscles include the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique and oblique abdominal muscles.

Abstract Intestinal obstruction is not a common disease in human societies. Despite the lack of accurate statistics on the prevalence of intestinal obstruction in Iran and the serious complications of intestinal obstruction in terms of intestinal gangrene and the need for resection of part of the intestine and performing a colostomy (ostomy), and the development of short bowel syndrome, etc., it is important to know the causes of obstruction and the justification of symptoms, as well as to examine its various causes and the prevalence of each of these causes. According to studies conducted, the prevalence of various causes of intestinal obstruction in the West and East of the world is different, and finding common causes in Shahrood, which is the goal of this research project, can lead the doctor to a better diagnosis. During the studies conducted, the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in some countries was obstruction following surgery, which causes adhesion and ultimately intestinal obstruction. Other common causes include malignancy and herniation. Of course, it should be noted that the most common cause of obstruction in some Asian countries is herniation, followed by malignancy and adhesion. Interestingly, TB ranks fourth on this list, and the reason for this is the prevalence of this disease in Asia, especially in Iran. These were followed by Intussuception, Volvulus, and then miscellaneous. (1) Considering the different causes of intestinal obstruction mentioned in different geographical locations, investigating these causes in Shahroud shows its importance even more.